This report assesses how Russian military forces are postured and are likely to operate based on open-source reporting about their organization, modernization plans, force structure, and readiness. It discusses the goals and effects of Russian military reform efforts, including initiatives that span all of the Russian armed forces’ services and independent branches. The report touches on most of Russia’s armed forces’ major capabilities, by service or domain, but it is not comprehensive. It concludes with a look at how those capabilities are being integrated in practice.